1. Introduction. - 2. Gis Applications. - Field-based applications. - Object-based applications. - 3. Representation and Manipulation of Spatial Data. - Field-based representation and manipulation. - Object-based representation and manipulation. - Data Conversion. - Future research issues. - 4. Data Modeling. - Data models for traditional applications. - GIS extensions of the entity-relationship model. - GIS extensions of the relational data model. - GIS extensions of the object-oriented data model. - Extensible data models for GIS applications. - Other data models for GIS applications. - Future research issues. - 5. Efficient Access to Spatial Data. - Indexing of Field Data. - Indexing of Object-based Data. - Rectangle Data. - Future research issues. - 6. Spatial Queries. - Database architecture. - Classification of spatial queries. - User interface issues. - Optimization of spatial queries. - Future research issues. - 7. Emerging Issues. - Spatial data mining. - Interoperability. - Benchmarks. - Storage management. - Internet-based GIS. - References. Language: English