Electrical Power System Protection

1 Fuses. - 2 Current transformers. - 3 Voltage transformers. - 4 Overcurrent and earth fault protection. - 5 Current-differential protective schemes. - 6 The protection of transformers. - 7 The protection of rotating machines. - 8 The protection of busbars. - 9 The protection of overhead lines and cables by current-differential schemes. - 10 Interlock and phase-comparison schemes for the protection of overhead lines. - 11 Distance-type protective schemes for overhead lines and cables. - 12 Ultra-high-speed schemes for the protection of long transmission lines. - Appendix A The testing and application of power-system protective equipment. - A. 1 Performance requirements. - A. 2 Testing of protective devices and equipment. - A. 2. 1 Fuselinks. - A. 2. 2 Current and voltage transformers. - A. 2. 3 The testing of relays. - A. 2. 4 The testing of protective schemes. - A. 3 Automatic testing of relays and protective schemes. - References. - Appendix B Percentage and per-unit quantities. - Appendix C Transformations of three-phase quantities. - C. 1 Voltage current and impedance transformation. - C. 2 Transformation into symmetrical components. - C. 3 Other transformations. - References. - Appendix D The determination of power-system behaviour using symmetrical components. - D. 1 Sequence impedances. - D. 1. 1 Three-phase synchronous machines. - D. 1. 2 Transformers. - D. 1. 3 Overhead lines and cables. - D. 1. 4 The effects of physical asymmetry. - D. 2 Sequence networks. - D. 2. 1 Earthing of neutral points. - D. 2. 2 Transformer connections. - D. 3 The interconnection of sequence networks. - D. 3. 1 Balanced three-phase normal or fault conditions. - D. 3. 2 Conditions when a phase-to-phase fault is present. - D. 3. 3 Conditions when a single phase to earth fault is present. - D. 3. 4 Impedances used in sequence networks. - D. 4 Numerical example. - D. 4. 1 Short-circuit between phases b' and c' and earth. - D. 4. 2 Short-circuit between phase a' and earth. - Reference. - Concluding remarks. Language: English